Groundnut

Peanut, also known as groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), holds global significance as a crop widely cultivated in the tropics and sub-tropics, catering to both smallholder and large commercial producers. It is a dual classification as a grain legume and an oil crop due to its high oil content. Worldwide, annual production reaches approximately 46 million tonnes, with China accounting for 37%, Africa 25%, India 21%, and the Americas 8%. Notably, Africa's peanut production surpasses that of all other grain legumes combined, making it a vital source of protein, energy, and iron.

Peanuts are legumes belonging to the Fabaceae family, characterized by their ability to fix nitrogen with symbiotic bacteria in root nodules, reducing fertilizer requirements and improving soil fertility. Growing 30 to 50 cm tall, peanut plants have pinnate leaves with four leaflets and exhibit nyctinastic movements, closing at night. Unlike other nuts growing on trees, peanuts develop underground. Their growth cycle takes 4 to 5 months, with harvesting occurring between 85 and 130 days after sowing.

In India, peanuts are widely used for their seed oil and are commonly referred to as groundnuts due to their underground growth. They are available throughout the year and are widely accessible in India. The harvest serves various purposes, with a significant portion pressed to yield pale yellow, neutrally flavored peanut oil, widely used for frying. Peanuts are also ground into a creamy spread enjoyed by people of all ages. Additionally, whole peanuts are sold for direct consumption or for inclusion in various dishes.